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Lung cancer is a highly vascular tumors, over the past ten years, anti-angiogenes is has been proved to be an effective and highly promising combinational treatment. The data of the combination of anti-angiogenesis with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy has been constantly updating. Advanced lung cancer patients, no matter different groups or different stages of the disease, are benefited from anti-angiogenes. In this paper, based on the clinical status and unsolved problems, combined with the latest clinical and translational research data, we reviewed the current anti-angiogenesis treatment of lung cancer. .
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Humans , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Immunotherapy , Lung Neoplasms/pathology , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapyABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effects of ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block on the changes of analgesic efficacy and inflammatory response in patients with multiple rib fractures.Methods:A retrospective case-control study was performed in 48 patients with multiple rib fractures admitted to 909th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force from July 2016 to December 2018. There were 30 males and 18 females, with the age range of 18-69 years[(41.1±10.4)years]. The number of fractured ribs was 3-9 (5.7±1.9). All patients were stabilized with the memory alloy embracing fixator. Thoracic paravertebral block group received ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block and intravenous analgesia group received patient controlled intravenous analgesia, with 24 patients in each group. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was observed and recorded in the resting/cough state before induction of anesthesia(T1), and 1 h (T2), 6 h (T3), 24 h (T4) and 48 h (T5) after surgery. Blood samples were taken simultaneously from the vein for determination of plasma neutrophil elastase (NE), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations by ELISA method.Results:In the resting state, there was no significant difference between two groups in VAS at T1 ( P>0.05); the VAS in two groups at T2-T5 decreased significantly compared with T1 ( P<0.01); the VAS at T2-T4 in thoracic paravertebral block group [(3.4±0.7)points, (3.2±0.8)points, (3.1±0.7)points] was significantly lower than that in intravenous analgesia group [(4.8±0.9)points, (4.4±0.7)points, (3.9±0.8)points]( P<0.01 ). In the cough state, there was no significant difference between two groups in VAS at T1 ( P>0.05); the VAS at T2-T5 in intravenous analgesia group was all higher than 6 points[(7.7±1.0)points, (7.6±1.3)points, (7.4±1.2)points, (7.1±0.9)point], and was significantly higher than those in thoracic paravertebral block group [(3.6±0.7)points, (3.3±0.7)points, (3.2±0.6)points, (2.9±0.7)points] ( P<0.01). There was no significant difference between two groups in plasma levels of NE, TNF-α and IL-6 at T1 ( P>0.05). Their levels at T2 in two groups were significantly increased, but were decreased at T5 compared with those at T1 ( P<0.01). The plasma levels of NE, TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly lower in thoracic paravertebral block group at T2-T5 [NE: (65.5±19.0)ng/ml, (42.5±12.5)ng/ml, (26.3±9.3)ng/ml, (20.9±7.9)ng/ml; TNF-α: (8.7±1.9)pg/ml, (6.0±1.3)pg/ml, (3.9±0.9)pg/ml, (2.8±0.8)pg/ml; IL-6: (11.5±3.6)pg/ml, (6.7±1.8)pg/ml, (3.6±1.0)pg/ml, (2.5±0.7)pg/ml] than those in intravenous analgesia group[NE: (76.7±18.2)ng/ml, (51.4±15.1)ng/ml, (35.5±10.0)ng/ml, (28.6±9.0)ng/ml; TNF-α: (10.0±2.1)pg/ml, (6.8±1.5)pg/ml, (4.7±1.1)pg/ml, (3.6±1.0)pg/ml; IL-6: (16.2±4.2)pg/ml, (8.7±2.1)pg/ml, (5.7±1.2)pg/ml, (3.5±0.7)pg/ml] ( P<0.05 or 0.01). Conclusion:Compared with intravenous analgesia, ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block can provide better analgesic effect, reduce the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines that result from trauma and surgery, and down-regulate inflammatory response.
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Objective:To compare the efficacy of laparoscopic choledochoscopic cholelithotripsy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of cholecystolithiasis.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted in 81 cases of cholecystolithiasis who admitted to the People's Hospital of Yuci District from March 2013 to March 2018.The patients were divided into control group ( n=38, laparoscopic cholecystectomy) and study group ( n=43, laparoscopic choledochoscope choledocholithotomy) according to the different surgical method.The perioperative indicators, liver function indicators, recurrence rate and complications were compared between the two groups. Results:The operation time, hospital stay, recovery time of gastrointestinal function, recovery time of diet after operation and intraoperative bleeding volume in the study group were (43.59±4.59)min, (7.24±1.17)d, (15.51±2.09)d, (2.88±0.42)d, (15.07±1.32)mL, respectively, which were better than those in the control group [(55.23±5.47)min, (9.12±1.32)d, (26.48±3.48)d, (3.53±0.58)d, (24.65±1.48)mL] ( t=10.411, 6.796, 17.426, 5.823, 6.864, all P=0.000). The levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total protein (TP) at 1 day after operation in the study group were (24.39±2.21)μmol/L, (29.09±4.68)U/L, (29.02±4.41)U/L, (21.95±2.52)g/L, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(28.43±2.31)μmol/L, (34.39±4.28)U/L, (35.31±3.08)U/L, (25.28±2.42)g/L] ( t=8.038, 5.293, 7.348, 6.046, all P=0.000). TBIL, ALT, ALT, AST, AST, TP levels at 3 days after surgery in the study group were (20.32±2.24)μmol/L, (24.61±4.26)U/L, (23.68±4.79)U/L, (18.94±2.89)g/L, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(24.45±2.02)μmol/L, (29.81±3.32)U/L, (27.94±4.50)U/L, (21.41±2.87)g/L] ( t=8.669, 6.609, 4.109, 3.851; all P=0.000). The recurrence rates of the control group and the study group were 5.26% (2/38) and 6.98% (3/43), respectively, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ 2=0.102, P=0.749). The incidence of complications in the study group was 4.65% (2/43), which was lower than 21.05% (8/38) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=5.015, P=0.025). Conclusion:Compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic assisted choledochoscopic choledocholithotomy has better curative effect, it can reduce the damage to liver function, with low incidence of complications, and it has high clinical value.
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Objective:To investigate whether the presence of complement factor H( CFH) gene polymorphisms is associated with unexplained mild visual loss (UMVL) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods:A case control study was adopted.The participants included two groups from a previous population-based epidemiology study on type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Beixinjing community, Shanghai: UMVL was defined by a best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)<20/25 and≥20/63 in both eyes, with no eye diseases causing visual impairment, such as corneal diseases, cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, optic nerve atrophy, diabetic retinopathy, etc.Genomic DNA was isolated from the peripheral venous blood of all the participants and then loaded onto Fluidigm Digital Arrays.Four CFH gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)(rs800292, rs1061170, rs529825, rs1410996, rs203674) were assessed with the SPSS 13.0 and HAPLoVIEW 4.0 software to test the statistical association of CFH polymorphisms with UMVL.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University(No.2013KY023). All the procedures were conducted according to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to entering the study cohort. Results:Total of 135 residents with UMVL and 133 with normal vision(BCVA≥20/25 in both eyes) were enrolled.The UMVL group matched the control group in terms of gender, age, onset age, and duration of diabetes mellitus, hemoglobin A1c levels, and body mass index(all at P>0.05). The four SNPs(rs800292, rs1061170, rs529825, rs1410996) except rs203674 tested in the UMVL and control groups were qualified by the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ( P>0.05). There were no differences in SNPs and genotypes between the two groups in the four loci of the CFH gene.The P value of allele frequencies of rs529825, rs800292, rs1410996 and rs1061170 were 0.79, 0.25, 0.69 and 0.77, respectively, and the P value of genotype frequencies were 0.61, 0.69, 0.87 and 0.43, respectively. Conclusions:There is no correlation between CFH gene polymorphism and UMVL in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Objective: To compare endoscopic morphologic characteristics and pathologic types of colorectal polyps between gas and water injection colonoscopies. Methods: Using the magnifying endoscopy narrow-band imaging (NBI) mode in 62 cases of gas injection colonoscopy and 53 cases of water injection colonoscopy for colorectal polyps in Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, the pathologic changes in vascular morphology and surface structure, application of international colorectal endoscopic classification (NICE) pathologic types, real-time prediction, and NBI endoscopic and pathologic histology diagnosis results were analyzed. Furthermore, the sensitivity, accuracy, and detection rates of flat polyps (Paris type 0-IIa) for both procedures were compared. Results: The detection rate of flat polyps in the water injection group was 44.64%, and the detection rates of the left and right hemicolon were 26.78% and 17.86%, respectively. The detection rate of flat polyps in the gas injection group was 40.00%, and the detection rates of the left and right hemicolon were 35.56% and 4.44%, respectively. The difference in detection rates between the two groups was statistically significant. The diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of overall NICE classification for colorectal neoplastic lesions were 91.95%, 96.61%, and 93.84%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the gas injection enteroscopy group were 90.74%, 97.27%, and 93.33%, respectively, and those of the water injection enteroscopy group were 93.93%, 95.65%, and 94.64%, respectively. Two cases of sessile serrated adenoma were also found. There was no statistically significant difference in the examination results between the two groups. Conclusions: The accuracy of gas or water injection colonoscopy did not significantly differ in predicting the pathologic types of colorectal polyps. However, water injection colonoscopy can improve the detection of 0-IIa polyps in the right colon. Keywords: NBI, NICE classification, colorectal polyps
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Objective@#To compare the efficacy of laparoscopic choledochoscopic cholelithotripsy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of cholecystolithiasis.@*Methods@#A retrospective study was conducted in 81 cases of cholecystolithiasis who admitted to the People's Hospital of Yuci District from March 2013 to March 2018.The patients were divided into control group (n=38, laparoscopic cholecystectomy) and study group (n=43, laparoscopic choledochoscope choledocholithotomy) according to the different surgical method.The perioperative indicators, liver function indicators, recurrence rate and complications were compared between the two groups.@*Results@#The operation time, hospital stay, recovery time of gastrointestinal function, recovery time of diet after operation and intraoperative bleeding volume in the study group were (43.59±4.59)min, (7.24±1.17)d, (15.51±2.09)d, (2.88±0.42)d, (15.07±1.32)mL, respectively, which were better than those in the control group [(55.23±5.47)min, (9.12±1.32)d, (26.48±3.48)d, (3.53±0.58)d, (24.65±1.48)mL] (t=10.411, 6.796, 17.426, 5.823, 6.864, all P=0.000). The levels of total bilirubin (TBIL), alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and total protein (TP) at 1 day after operation in the study group were (24.39±2.21)μmol/L, (29.09±4.68)U/L, (29.02±4.41)U/L, (21.95±2.52)g/L, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(28.43±2.31)μmol/L, (34.39±4.28)U/L, (35.31±3.08)U/L, (25.28±2.42)g/L] (t=8.038, 5.293, 7.348, 6.046, all P=0.000). TBIL, ALT, ALT, AST, AST, TP levels at 3 days after surgery in the study group were (20.32±2.24)μmol/L, (24.61±4.26)U/L, (23.68±4.79)U/L, (18.94±2.89)g/L, respectively, which were lower than those in the control group [(24.45±2.02)μmol/L, (29.81±3.32)U/L, (27.94±4.50)U/L, (21.41±2.87)g/L] (t=8.669, 6.609, 4.109, 3.851; all P=0.000). The recurrence rates of the control group and the study group were 5.26% (2/38) and 6.98% (3/43), respectively, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (χ2=0.102, P=0.749). The incidence of complications in the study group was 4.65% (2/43), which was lower than 21.05% (8/38) in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.015, P=0.025).@*Conclusion@#Compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic assisted choledochoscopic choledocholithotomy has better curative effect, it can reduce the damage to liver function, with low incidence of complications, and it has high clinical value.
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The clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) lead to dramatic changes in the treatment strategy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the efficacy of ICIs in oncogene-driven NSCLC is controversial. Existing research shows that the efficacy of ICIs may be related to different types of driver genes, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) level, and tumor mutational burden (TMB). It may involved in other factors, such as clinical characteristics, and immune cell density. ICIs monotherapy or combination therapy may play a role in a subset of oncogene-driven NSCLC patients, but further studies are needed to select these patients, which may be an important direction for the future development of advanced NSCLC.
Subject(s)
Humans , B7-H1 Antigen , Genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Drug Therapy , Immunotherapy , Lung Neoplasms , Drug TherapyABSTRACT
Objective@#To understand the characteristics relating to the etiology and complications of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) based on data from the pilot National Sentinel Surveillance (NSS) program so as to explore the feasibility, advantages and disadvantages of the NSS.@*Methods@#Data were extracted from the NSS system, conducted in 11 provinces of China from November 2015 to October 2016. Characteristics regarding the etiology, complications of HFMD and factors related to the positive rates of HFMD specimens were analyzed under the logistic regression method by SPSS 20.0 software.@*Results@#A total of 4 783 specimens were collected, including 3 390 from mild, 1 390 from severe and 3 from death cases. The overall positive rate was 81.43% (3 895/4 783). Other enteroviruses (non EV71/Cox A16 enteroviruses) appeared the major serotype (52.68%, 1 482/2 813) for mild infection of the disease while EV71 was for the severe cases (65.31%, 706/1 081). The serotype spectrum revealed by the pilot NSS was almost identical with the existing surveillance system. Other enteroviruses tended to infect younger children (χ2=130.17, P<0.001) than EV71 and Cox A16, in China. The multivariate logistic regression results showed that higher positive rate was associated with specimens which were collected from males, at children’ hospitals, in peak seasons, timely and in stools. The positive rates presented downwarding trends with the extension of the onset-sampling interval (χ2=14.47, P<0.001 in stool specimen; χ2=31.99, P<0.001 in throat swab; χ2=24.26, P<0.001 in anal swab). Aseptic meningitis, non-brainstem encephalitis and brainstem encephalitis appeared the top three complications of both EV71-associated and other enteroviruses-associated severe HFMD cases.@*Conclusions@#Factors as gender, season/place/timeliness of specimen collection, and types of hospital all appeared independently influenced the positive rates. NSS seemed feasible to be used as an alternative or supplement tool to the existing surveillance program in China.
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Objective@#To analyze the genotypes, amino acid vatiations and molecular epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in pediatric patients in Gansu province for the future research.@*Methods@#A total of 4 556 respiratory tract specimens were colleted from pediatric patients under 10 years of age in five cities in Gansu from 2012 to 2017. These specimens were tested for RSV and its subtypes.The coding region of the RSV G gene was amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced for RSV positive specimens. Sequences were edited using DNA Star software. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic trees were built by MEGA 6.0 software.@*Results@#Out of 4 556 specimens, 1 135 (24.91%) were positive for RSV, totally 216 G protein sequences were obtained. RSV A isolates were clustered into three genotypes: NA1、NA3 and ON1. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology was 84.9%-100% and 77.3%-100%, respectively. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology between this study and prototype long strain was 81.2%-83.3% and 74.1%-88.0%. RSV B isolates were clustered into only BA9 one genotypes. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology was 97.7%-100% and 95.8%-100%, respectively. The nucleotides and amino-acid homology between this study and prototype CH18537 strain was 84.9%-85.7% and 77.9%-80.1%.@*Conclusions@#The genetic characteristics and the amino-acid changes were analyzed systematically using data of RSV G gene collected from 2012 to 2017 in Gansu province in this study. These data were used for analyses of the etiology, control and prevention of RSV infection.
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Objective To evaluate a new type of adult scapular anatomical locking plate which was designed for fixation of the major fracture fragment based on the characteristics of major fracture location and posterior surgical approach.Methods The Computed Tomography (CT) data of the scapula were collected for this studv of the 80 normal adults who had undergone CT scanning from January 2015 to January 2018 at Department of Orthopedics,Hanzhong Central Hospital.They were 43 males and 37 females.3D models of the scapula were reconstructed using the CT data by computer.After scapular neck (CD),scapular lateral border (D)E),angulus scapulae (EF),scapular spine (HJJ2 and HKK2),and angles of the scapula (∠ CD)E,∠ DEF,∠ HKK2 and ∠ HJJ2) were measured,our new type of adult scapular anatomical locking plate was designed to meet the requirements of operation and fixation.Results The main parameters of the scapula at the major fixation region were CD of 10.27 ±0.99 mm,DE of 73.03 ±6.27 mm,EF of 52.03 ±6.85mm,HJ of 36.27 ± 2.10 mm,HKof41.44±2.58mm,∠ CDE of128.61° ± 6.30°,∠DEF1of 167.11 °±3.83°,∠DEF2 of 173.01 °±4.45°,∠HJJ2 of 133.43°±7.47°,and ∠HKK2 of 123.55°± 7.84°.The new type of claw-shaped scapular locking plate we had designed conformed to the segmental lengths and the angles between the adjacent segments of the scapula.Conclusions Our new type of adult scapular anatomical locking plate mav be used to fix the major scapular fracture fragment,providing a new choice to solve the problem in fixation of complex scapular fractures.However,its clinical practicality and effectiveness needs further clinical research.
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Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab combined with vinorelbine therapy in the treatment of advanced breast cancer with human epithelial growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) positive.Methods From April 2010 to April 2013,91 advanced breast cancer patients who failed in the paclitaxel therapy received trastuzumab plus vinorelbine (45 cases,vinorelbine group) or capecitabine (46 cases,capecitabine group).The treatment efficacy,toxic effects and 3-year survival rate in two groups were compared.Results The clinical benefit rate in two groups had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05),but objective response rates in vinorelbine group was higher than that in capecitabine group:44.44％(20/45) vs.23.91％(11/46),and there was significant difference (P =0.039).The toxic effects in two groups had no significant difference (P ＞ 0.05).The 3-year survival rate in two groups had no significant difference (P =0.252).Conclusions In the treatment of HER-2 positive advanced breast cancer,trastuzumab plus vinorelbine or capecitabine shows no significant differences in adverse reaction or in 3-year survival rate.However,trastuzumab plus vinorelbine shows better objective response rate compared with trastuzumab plus capecitabine.
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Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of using pegylated recombinant human granulocyte-colonystimulating factor (PEG-rhG-CSF) in preventing neutropenia in multiple chemotherapy cycles. Methods: A multicenter, prospective, open-label, singlearmstudy was designed. Patients with malignant tumors, such as lung, ovarian, and colorectal cancers, who received multiple cycles of chemotherapy with the prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF for 2-4 consecutive cycles participated in the study. Results: After the prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF, the incidence of grade IV neutropenia decreased from 4.76% (13/273) in the first cycle to 1.83% (5/273), 1.15% (2/174), and 2.08% (2/96) in subsequent cycles. Meanwhile, the incidence of grade III neutropenia decreased from 11.36% (31/ 273) in the first cycle to 6.23% (17/273), 2.87% (5/174), and 3.13% (3/96) in subsequent cycles. The incidence of febrile neutropenia (FN) during the first cycle was 0.73% (2/273). The duration of FN was 2 days in one case and 5 days in another case. FN was not observed during the second, third, or fourth cycle. After the secondary prophylactic use of PEG-rhG-CSF, the incidence of grade IV neutropenia decreased from 25% (7/28) to 3.57% (1/28), 0% (0/28), and 6.67% (1/15) in subsequent cycles. Meanwhile, the incidence of grade III neutropenia decreased from 71.43% (20/28) to 10.71% (3/28), 14.29% (4/28), and 0% (0/15) in subsequent cycles. The proportion of patients who received antibiotic therapy during the entire chemotherapy period was 10.48% (44/420). Conclusion: The application of PEG-rhG-CSF once per chemotherapy cycle can effectively reduce the occurrence of neutropenia in patients under multiple cycles of chemotherapy treatment with good safety.
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Background Researches showed that elevatory blood glucose level results in long-term damage of cells and tissue,or metabolic memory phenomenon,and manipulation of hyperglycemic memory is a good approach in the prevention of diabetic complications.However,its mechanism is not clear.It is speculated that the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients may be associated to related mechanisms.Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) can decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS),which may be related to DR.Objective This study was to explore the association between DR and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of UCP genes in Chinese Han population with type 2 diabetes.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed.This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Affiliated First Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and complied with Declaration of Helsinki,and written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to any medical examination.One thousand eight hundreds and seventy-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in Xinjing district of Shanghai city by cluster sampling from November 2014 to January 2015.The demographic and medical baseline characteristics,ocular examination and laboratory tests were obtained and periphery blood of 2 ml was collected for extraction of DNA.Eight tag SNPs of UCP1,three tag SNPs of UCP2,and seven tag SNPs of UCP3 were selected as marker locus for the detection of genotype by Sequenom Mass ARRAY.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry platform were used for genotyping.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analysis,allele and genotype frequencies,haplotype analysis,and association tests for DR and SNPs were performed by SAS and SHEsis software.Results A total of 530 DR patients were checked out from 1 875 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus,with the detection rate of 28.27％.rs660339 locn of UCP2 gene and rs1626521,rs668514 locus of UCP3 gene appeared to have low detectable rates,and the secondary allele base frequency of rs632862 in UCP2 gene was ＜0.01 and rs15763 of UCP3 gene was unmatched with HWE,therefore,these locus analysis was not included.In 13 SNPs locus included in the analysis,only 2 SNPs of UCP1 gene were related to DR.Compared with the non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR) patients,the G allele frequency of rs10011540 was increased (P =0.03,OR =1.31,95 ％ confidence interval[CI] =1.03-1.67,and T allele frequency of rs3811787 was decreased (P=0.04,OR=0.86,95％ CI=0.75-0.99) in DR patients.Genotyping detection showed that the C/C and A/A frequencies of rs3811790 in UCP1 gene were significantly more and C/A frequency was less in DR patients than those in NDR patients (all at P＜0.01).The logistic regression analysis indicated an association of SNPs of rs10011540 and rs3811787 with DR independent from glucose and disease duration.Conclusions The SNPs of rs10011540 and rs3811787 locus in UCP1 gene are associated with DR in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.
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Gene therapy has become a new cancer therapy model behind surgical excision, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and interventional therapy. The choice of proper carrier is very important in cancer gene therapy. Adenovirus is widely used as a vector carrier in cancer gene therapy. Gene-engineered oncolytic adenovirus (OncoAd) has the advantages including cancer cell-specific replication, infected cell destruction, and high expression of inserted therapeutic genes, so as to obtain the potent antitumor efficacy. Therefore, using OncoAd is considered to be an effective tumor therapy strategy. The systemic administration of intravenous delivery plays an important role in the treatment of advanced metastatic cancer. However, the delivery of OncoAd was limited to local injection in vivo in the past. Because the efficacy of intravenously administering OncoAd is compromised by non-specific sequestration in the liver and host immune response, while the non-viral vectors have the advantages of good biosafety and low immunogenicity, the combination of the two will be beneficial to the systemic administration of OncoAd. In this paper, the research strategies of OncoAd intravenous delivery for cancer gene therapy in recent years are reviewed, and the research progress in OncoAd combined with non-viral vector for cancer gene therapy is emphasized.
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Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characters of hand, foot and mouth disease ( HFMD ) in Gansu during 2013 to 2015 and provide evidence for the development of effective prevention and control measures.@*Methods@#The descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyze the data of HFMD, and the specimens were collected from hospitals to detect the pathogens by RT- PCR or Real-time RT-PCR. The nucleotide sequences of VP1 encoding region of virus strains were amplified by RT-PCR method, and determined and analyzed.@*Results@#Total of 29 934 HFMD cases were reported in Gansu from 2013 to 2015, including 81 severe cases and 2 deaths; the largest number occurred in Lanzhou was 7 053, accounting for 23.56% of the cases in the province. HFMD cases were mostly reported during May to July, accounted for 61.69% in total cases; the male to female ratio was 1.5: 1, and most cases were under the age of five and accounted for 83.02%. A total of 5 251 laboratory confirmed cases were reported, of which the number of cases caused by human enterovirus (HEV) were 2 972, the positive rate was 56.60%. Among the severe 81 cases, the positive rate of HEV was 67.90%, and both of the 2 death cases were infected by EV71. 341 strains of viruses were isolated, the genotyping of VP1 encoding region showed that all the 133 EV71 were C4a; among the 134 CVA16 isolates, 6 were B1a and 128 were B1b.@*Conclusions@#In Gansu province, there is a high infection rate of HFMD in children under the age of five, the proportion of other HEV is more and more, and the incidence is related to the difference of pathogens that showed alternant epidemic characteristics. CVA16 and EV71 viruses have the phenomenon of alternating.
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Objective To investigate the clinical severity,etiological classification and risk factors of severe cases with hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD).Methods A total of 1 489 records on severe and fatal HFMD cases reported to the national pilot surveillance system of HFMD were used to analyze the demographic,medical treatment,etiological classification of the cases.Treatment outcome related risk factors were also studied with multi-variable stepwise logistic regression method.Results Seven out of the 1 489 severe HFMD cases died of this disease.A total of 960 (72.9％) were under three years old and 62.9％ were male and most of the cases (937,62.9％) resided in rural areas.Among all the cases,494 (33.2％) went to seek the first medical assistance at the institutions of village or township level.Durations between disease onset and first medical attendance,being diagnosed as the disease or diagnosed as severe cases were 0(0-1) d,1 (0-2) d and 2 (1-4) d,respectively.In total,773 (51.9％) of the severe HFMD cases were diagnosed as with aseptic meningitis,260 (17.5％) with brainstem encephalitis,377 (25.3 ％) with non-brainstem encephalitis,6 (0.4％) with encephalomyelitis,1 (0.1％) with acute flaccid paralysis,4 (0.3％) with pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema and 68 (4.6％) with cardiopulmonary failure.Of the etiologically diagnosed 1 217 severe and fatal HFMD cases,642 (52.8％) were with EV71,other enterovirus 261 (21.5％),Cox A16 36 (3.0％),1 (0.1％) with both EV71 and Cox A16.However,277 (22.8％) showed negative on any pathogenic virus.Complication (Z=3.15,P=0.002) and duration between onset and diagnosed as severe cases (Z=3.95,P＜0.001) were shown as key factors related to treatment outcomes.Conclusions Most severe HFMD cases appeared in boys,especially living in the rural areas.Frequently seen complications would include aseptic meningitis,non-brainstem encephalitis and brainstem encephalitis.EV71 was the dominant etiology for severe and fatal cases.Early diagnosis and complication control were crucial,related to the treatment outcome of HFMD.
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Objective To investigate the clinical severity,etiological classification and risk factors of severe cases with hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD).Methods A total of 1 489 records on severe and fatal HFMD cases reported to the national pilot surveillance system of HFMD were used to analyze the demographic,medical treatment,etiological classification of the cases.Treatment outcome related risk factors were also studied with multi-variable stepwise logistic regression method.Results Seven out of the 1 489 severe HFMD cases died of this disease.A total of 960 (72.9％) were under three years old and 62.9％ were male and most of the cases (937,62.9％) resided in rural areas.Among all the cases,494 (33.2％) went to seek the first medical assistance at the institutions of village or township level.Durations between disease onset and first medical attendance,being diagnosed as the disease or diagnosed as severe cases were 0(0-1) d,1 (0-2) d and 2 (1-4) d,respectively.In total,773 (51.9％) of the severe HFMD cases were diagnosed as with aseptic meningitis,260 (17.5％) with brainstem encephalitis,377 (25.3 ％) with non-brainstem encephalitis,6 (0.4％) with encephalomyelitis,1 (0.1％) with acute flaccid paralysis,4 (0.3％) with pulmonary hemorrhage/pulmonary edema and 68 (4.6％) with cardiopulmonary failure.Of the etiologically diagnosed 1 217 severe and fatal HFMD cases,642 (52.8％) were with EV71,other enterovirus 261 (21.5％),Cox A16 36 (3.0％),1 (0.1％) with both EV71 and Cox A16.However,277 (22.8％) showed negative on any pathogenic virus.Complication (Z=3.15,P=0.002) and duration between onset and diagnosed as severe cases (Z=3.95,P＜0.001) were shown as key factors related to treatment outcomes.Conclusions Most severe HFMD cases appeared in boys,especially living in the rural areas.Frequently seen complications would include aseptic meningitis,non-brainstem encephalitis and brainstem encephalitis.EV71 was the dominant etiology for severe and fatal cases.Early diagnosis and complication control were crucial,related to the treatment outcome of HFMD.
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Electronic cigarettes (EC) are battery-powered devices that deliver aerosolized nicotine to users.EC has been reported to contain less carcinogens than traditional cigarettes,cause less lung effects and may help with smoking cessation.EC are an increasingly popular device that could serve as a smoking cessation product.But the effect of smoking cessation has not been confirmed and use of EC may bring potential health problem.This study reviewed the research progress in smoking cessation by using EC.
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Objective To study the clinicopathologic features,immunophenotype,diagnosis and differential diagnosis,prognosis and treatment of solid papillary carcinoma(SPC)of breast.Methods A retrospective study was performed to analyse the clinicalpathologic features and immunophenotype of 52 case of SPC,with or without invasion. The cytokeratins(CK),myoepithelial markers,neuroendocrine markers,proliferation marker Ki -67,estrogen receptor (ER),progesterone receptor(PR),HER2,ect were detected by immunohistochemical staining,and HER2 was detected by FISH.All patients were followed up.Results All the patients were females with a mean age of (66.76 ±10.19)years. The incidence of SPC among all the breast cancers in this department was 0.99%.The presenting symptoms was a painless mass with or without nipple discharge in the central of breast.All of them accepted surgical resection,13 cases were administrated with chemotherapy after surgery,6 cases were radiotherapy.Metastasis was observed four in 34 cases who had undergone axillar lymph node dissection.General observation tumor was substantive and nodular lesions,may be accompanied by cyst formation,microscopy tumor for swelling,substantive nodules within only fine fiber vascular axis,and lacked obvious nipples and screen structure.The cells were lack of atypia,adhesive in cells nest,35 patients were accompanied with mucus secretion.Immunohistochemical study show that the tumor cells experssed CK8 /18,ER and PR,but not basal cell cytokertin CK5 /6 and 34βE12.Positivity for CK5 /6,34βE12 and P63 were 5.78%, 9.62% and 7.69% in the myoepithelial layers of axis of papillary,and were 21.15%,38.46% and 19.23% in cell nests and tumor peripheral myoepithelial,respectively.Positivity for CgA,Syn,NSE,CD56 were 82.69%,88.46%, 94.23% and 90.38%,respectively.The staining of HER2 oncoprotein was most negative,and 23 cases of FISH detection were all negative.The average positive index of Ki -67 was 4.28%.47 cases received follow -up of patients(90.38%),only 1 case death,1 case recurrence the rest were no tumor recurrence or metastasis,disease -free survival.Conclusion SPC of breast,a rare pathologic type,usually occurs in old females.The diagnosis depends on pathological characteristics and its unique immune phenotypic characteristics,is closely associated with mucinous carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma,and the treatment is given priority tosurgery with a relatively inert biological behaviour.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the clinicopathologic features,immunophenotype,diagnosis and differential diagnosis of solid papillary carcinoma (SPC) of breast.Methods A retrospective study was performed to analyse the clinicopathologic features and immunophenotype of 31 cases of SPC with or without invasion.The cytokeratins (CK),myoepithelial markers,neuroendocrine markers,proliferation marker Ki-67,estrogen receptor (ER),progesterone receptor (PR),HER2,ect were detected by immunohistochemical staining,and HER2 was detected by FISH.All patients were followed up.Results All the patients were females with a mean age of (67.0±12.5) years.The presenting symptom was a painless mass with or without nipple discharge.In 19 cases who had undergone axillar lymph node dissection,only one metastasis was observed.General observation showed that tumors had substantive and nodular lesions,accompanied by cyst formation.Microscopy examination showed that tumors had swell and substantive nodules with only fine fiber vascular axis,and lacked obvious nipples and screen structure.The cells were lack of atypia,adhesive in cells nest.20 patients were accompanied by mucus secretion.Immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells expressed CK8/18,ER,PR,but didn' t express basal cell CK5/6,34β12.The positive rates of CK5/6,34β12,p63 were 3.23 ％ (1/31),9.68 ％ (3/31),6.45 ％ (2/31) in the myoepithelial layers of axis of papillary,and were 19.25 ％ (6/31),38.71％ (12/31),16.13 ％ (5/31) in peripheral cell nests and tumors,respectively.The positive rates of CgA,Syn,NSE,Cd56 were 83.87 ％ (26/31),87.10 ％ (27/31),93.55 ％ (29/31),90.32 ％ (28/31),respectively.The staining of HER2 oncoprotein was negative mostly,and the FISH detection outcome of 15 cases were all negative.The average positive index of Ki-67 was 4.12 ％.28 cases (90.23 ％) received follow-up,only 1 patient died,and the rest patients were without tumor recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions SPC of breast,a rare pathologic type,usually occurs in old females.The diagnosis depends on pathological characteristics and its unique immune phenotypic characteristics.SPC of breast has close relationship with mucinous carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma,with a relatively inert biological behavior.